ASOSIASI FAKTOR RISIKO VASKULAR TERHADAP DEMENSIA VASKULAR PADA PASIEN LANSIA : SEBUAH TINJAUAN SISTEMATIS
ASSOCIATION OF VASCULAR RISK FACTORS WITH VASCULAR DEMENTIA IN ELDERLY PATIENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Abstract
Vascular Dementia (VaD) is a significant public health burden globally and nationally, especially in countries with rapidly aging populations such as Indonesia. This systematic review aims to synthesize the latest evidence on the association between modifiable vascular risk factors and the incidence of VaD in the elderly population. This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The methodological quality of the included studies was critically assessed using the NOS. Data synthesis was performed narratively due to anticipated heterogeneity in study methodologies. These findings underscore the importance of cumulative exposure to vascular risk factors throughout life, with middle age being a critical window for preventive intervention. These risk factors do not act in isolation but converge on common pathophysiological pathways such as endothelial dysfunction, blood-brain barrier disruption, and neuroinflammation, which collectively drive cerebrovascular damage and cognitive decline. This study demonstrates that vascular risk factors are significantly associated with VaD, with increased exposure to conditions such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and an unhealthy lifestyle contributing to cognitive impairment. Future studies are recommended to use a prospective design with a larger sample size and standardized diagnostic methods to increase the validity of the results.
Abstrak
Demensia Vaskular (VaD) merupakan beban kesehatan masyarakat yang signifikan secara global dan nasional, terutama di negara dengan populasi lansia yang meningkat pesat seperti Indonesia. Tinjauan sistematis ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis bukti-bukti terkini mengenai asosiasi antara faktor risiko vaskular yang dapat dimodifikasi dengan kejadian VaD pada populasi lansia. Tinjauan sistematis ini dilakukan sesuai dengan pedoman PRISMA 2020. Kualitas metodologis dari studi yang diinklusi dinilai secara kritis menggunakan NOS. Sintesis data dilakukan secara naratif karena heterogenitas yang dian tisipasi dalam metodologi studi. Temuan ini menggarisbawahi pentingnya paparan faktor risiko vaskular kumulatif sepanjang hidup, dengan periode usia paruh baya menjadi jendela kritis untuk intervensi preventif. Faktor risiko ini tidak bekerja secara terisolasi, melainkan berkonvergensi pada jalur patofisiologis umum seperti disfungsi endotel, kerusakan sawar darah-otak, dan neuroinflamasi, yang secara kolektif mendorong kerusakan serebrovaskular dan penurunan kognitif. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor risiko vaskular memiliki hubungan yang signifikan terhadap kejadian VaD, dimana peningkatan paparan terhadap kondisi seperti hipertensi, diabetes melitus, dislipidemia, dan gaya hidup tidak sehat berkontribusi terhadap terjadinya gangguan fungsi kognitif. Penelitian selanjutnya disarankan menggunakan desain prospektif dengan sampel yang lebih besar serta metode diagnosis yang terstandarisasi untuk meningkatkan validitas hasil.
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