MANAJEMEN AKTIFITAS FISIK, PERILAKU, DAN DIET PADA ANAK OBESITAS
Abstract
Obesitas merupakan kondisi ketika seseorang mengalami kelebihan asupan energi dengan keluaran energi yang sedikit. Obesitas atau kegemukan yang berlebih dimaknai berbeda bagi setiap orang. Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh budaya dan kebiasaan, dimana beberapa daerah menganggap hal ini sebagai kesuksesan orangtua dalam mengasuh anak dan dalam kondisi medis sebenarnya menjadi potensi masalah di masa depan. Anak dengan obesitas telah dikaitkan dengan beberapa penyakit di kemudian hari, misalnya beberapa kondisi terkait sindrom metabolik: penyakit kardiovaskular (PKV), diabetes mellitus (DM) tipe 2, hipertensi, hiperlipidemia, penyakit perlemakan hati, pubertas dini, gangguan haid, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), steatohepatitis, sleep apnea, gangguan muskuloskeletal, dan masalah psikologi (seperti: cemas dan depresi). Obesitas dapat dikaitkan dengan kondisi genetik, aktifitas fisik yang kurang, dan asupan makanan tinggi kalori. Kelebihan energi ini disimpan dalam bentuk lemak di jaringan adiposa. Manajemen anak dengan obesitas dilakukan dengan pengaturan makanan, aktifitas fisik, serta modifikasi perilaku anak. Studi menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi aktifitas fisik dan retriksi kalori memberikan manfaat dengan menurunkan berat badan (BB) yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan diet saja. Perilaku makan dapat diubah dengan belajar mengontrol porsi serta jenis makanan yang dikonsumsi. Orangtua dapat membatasi ketersediaan camilan, sehingga anak-anak tidak makan di luar jam makan. Anak-anak dapat diberikan motivasi serta pujian apabila mengalami keberhasilan atau menunjukkan perilaku sehat. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan makan makanan dengan program gizi yang diberikan, menurunkan berat badan, dan menjalani olahraga. Manajemen anak dengan obesitas membutuhkan peran serta orangtua dan guru, bahkan teman di sekolah.
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