MANAJEMEN NUTRISI PASIEN ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY DI UNIT PERAWATAN INTENSIF

NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN THE CRITICAL CARE

  • Zayadha Hazrini Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah (RSUD) Musi Rawas Utara, Musi Rawas Utara, Sumatera Selatan, Indonesia
  • Egidia Tiffany Magister Keperawatan, Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Surakarta, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia
  • Yeti Maslianda Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Abulyatama, Aceh Besar, Aceh, Indonesia
  • Dewi Novita Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah (RSUD) dr. Fauziah, Bireun, Aceh, Indonesiae
  • Agustiawan Fakultas Kedokteran Institut Kesehatan Helvetia Medan
Keywords: Perawatan kritis, nutrisi, penyakit ginjal

Abstract

Acute kidney injury (AKI) ditandai dengan penurunan fungsi ginjal yang cepat dalam waktu 48 jam. Sekitar 15% dari semua pasien yang dirawat di rumah sakit mengalami penurunan fungsi ginjal secara tiba-tiba, yang mengakibatkan AKI. Sebanyak 18-75% pasien dengan gagal ginjal mengalami PEW. International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM) menjelaskan bahwa KDW mengacu pada terjadinya pemborosan energi protein pada pasien dengan CKD atau AKI terlepas dari penyebabnya. Kehilangan nafsu makan sering kali menyebabkan penurunan asupan protein dan energi, yang berkontribusi pada kualitas hidup yang buruk. Penurunan asupan makanan secara spontan terjadi selama penurunan fungsi ginjal secara progresif dan berkorelasi dengan akumulasi racun uremik yang berasal dari nitrogen. Penurunan asupan energi menyebabkan penurunan sekresi insulin yang merangsang glukoneogenesis dari glikogen dan meningkatkan mobilisasi asam lemak yang menyebabkan penurunan laju metabolisme basal. Komplikasi PEW meliputi hipertensi, anemia, malnutrisi, gangguan tulang dan mineral, infeksi, dan penurunan kualitas hidup serta penyakit kardiovaskular. Pasien harus meningkatkan asupan protein/asam amino dari 1 menjadi 1,2 hingga 1,5 g/kg/hari. Asupan glukosa harian tidak boleh melebihi 5 g/kg. Konsumsi lipid harian harus 0,5–1,0 g/kg. Vitamin yang larut dalam air harus disediakan, terutama untuk pasien terapi penggantian. Kami mendukung nutrisi enteral. Namun, enteral saja tidak selalu dapat memenuhi kebutuhan nutrisi, oleh karena itu digunakan parenteral. Tidak ada penelitian yang secara khusus menilai atau membandingkan dampak dukungan EN dan PN pada pasien rawat inap dengan gagal ginjal. Rute nutrisi yang disukai adalah enteral. Namun, tidak selalu mungkin untuk mencapai tujuan nutrisi hanya dengan rute enteral, dan rute parenteral menjadi perlu.

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Published
2025-09-03
Section
Tinjauan Pustaka