PENGALAMAN IBU POSTPARTUM DENGAN DEPRESI PASCA MELAHIRKAN: STUDI FENOMENOLOGI TENTANG DUKUNGAN KELUARGA DAN HAMBATAN PERAWATAN KESEHATAN MENTAL
EXPERIENCES OF POSTPARTUM MOTHERS WITH POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY ON FAMILY SUPPORT AND BARRIERS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE
Abstract
Depresi pascamelahirkan merupakan gangguan mental serius yang sering tidak terdeteksi dan tidak tertangani, terutama karena kompleksitas dukungan keluarga dan hambatan akses layanan kesehatan mental. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi secara mendalam pengalaman ibu postpartum dengan depresi pascamelahirkan, khususnya terkait peran dukungan keluarga serta hambatan yang dihadapi dalam mengakses perawatan. Desain penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif fenomenologi interpretatif. Sebanyak 12 ibu postpartum dengan skor EPDS ≥10 diwawancara secara mendalam. Hasil penelitian mengidentifikasi tiga tema utama: (1) pengalaman depresi pascamelahirkan yang ditandai kesedihan terpinggirkan, ketidakberdayaan, dan beban perubahan peran; (2) dinamika dukungan keluarga sebagai pedang bermata dua yang dapat menjadi pelindung sekaligus pemicu stres; (3) hambatan akses layanan mencakup stigma (91,7%), minimnya pengetahuan (83,3%), serta hambatan struktural seperti biaya dan transportasi (75%). Seluruh partisipan mengembangkan strategi koping alternatif namun tidak menggantikan intervensi profesional. Simpulan penelitian menegaskan perlunya edukasi kesehatan mental yang terintegrasi bagi keluarga, penguatan sistem rujukan yang terjangkau, serta pendekatan holistik yang berpusat pada kebutuhan ibu.
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29. World Health Organization. (2015). Thinking healthy: A manual for psychosocial management of perinatal depression. World Health Organization.
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2. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2023). Treatment and management of mental health conditions during pregnancy and postpartum: ACOG Clinical Practice Guideline No. 5. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 141(6), 1262–1288.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
4. Beck, C. T. (1992). The lived experience of postpartum depression: A phenomenological study. Nursing Research, 41(3), 166–170.
5. Beck, C. T. (2001). Predictors of postpartum depression: An update. Nursing Research, 50(5), 275–285. doi: 10.1097/00006199-200109000-00004
6. Biaggi, A., Conroy, S., Pawlby, S., & Pariante, C. M. (2016). Identifying the women at risk of antenatal anxiety and depression: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 191, 62–77. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.014
7. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. SAGE Publications.
8. Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of postnatal depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 150(6), 782–786. doi: 10.1192/bjp.150.6.782
9. Dennis, C. L., & Dowswell, T. (2013). Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013(2), CD001134. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001134.pub3
10. Dennis, C. L., & Ross, L. E. (2006). Women’s perceptions of partner support and conflict in the development of postpartum depressive symptoms. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 56(6), 588–599. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.04059.x
11. Fisher, J., Mello, M. C. D., Patel, V., Rahman, A., Tran, T., Holton, S., & Holmes, W. (2012). Prevalence and determinants of common perinatal mental disorders in women in low- and lower-middle-income countries: A systematic review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 90(2), 139–149. doi: 10.2471/BLT.11.091850
12. Gelaye, B., Rondon, M. B., Araya, R., & Williams, M. A. (2016). Epidemiology of maternal depression, risk factors, and child outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(10), 973–982. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30284-X
13. Goodman, S. H. (2020). Intergenerational transmission of depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 16, 213–238. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-071519-113915
14. Hadfield, H., & Wittkowski, A. (2017). Women’s experiences of seeking and receiving psychological and psychosocial interventions for postpartum depression: A systematic review and thematic synthesis. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 35(4), 379–393. doi: 10.1080/02646838.2017.1320369
15. Howard, L. M., & Khalifeh, H. (2020). Perinatal mental health: A review of progress and challenges. World Psychiatry, 19(3), 313–327. doi: 10.1002/wps.20769
16. Levis, B., Negeri, Z., Sun, Y., Benedetti, A., Thombs, B. D., & DEPRESsion Screening Data (DEPRESSD) EPDS Group. (2020). Accuracy of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale for screening to detect major depression among pregnant and postpartum women: Systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. BMJ, 371, m4022. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m4022
17. Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. SAGE Publications.
18. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2020). Antenatal and postnatal mental health: Clinical management and service guidance. NICE Guideline CG192.
19. O’Brien, B. C., Harris, I. B., Beckman, T. J., Reed, D. A., & Cook, D. A. (2014). Standards for reporting qualitative research: A synthesis of recommendations. Academic Medicine, 89(9), 1245–1251. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000388
20. O’Hara, M. W., & McCabe, J. E. (2013). Postpartum depression: Current status and future directions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 379–407. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185612
21. O’Mahen, H. A., & Flynn, H. A. (2008). Preferences and perceived barriers to treatment for depression during the perinatal period. Journal of Women’s Health, 17(8), 1301–1309. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2007.0631
22. Rahman, A., Fisher, J., Bower, P., Luchters, S., Tran, T., Yasamy, M. T., Saxena, S., & Waheed, W. (2013). Interventions for common perinatal mental disorders in women in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 91(8), 593–601. doi: 10.2471/BLT.12.109819
23. Shorey, S., Chee, C. Y. I., Ng, E. D., Chan, Y. H., Tam, W. W. S., & Chong, Y. S. (2018). Prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 104, 235–248. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001
24. Slomian, J., Honvo, G., Emonts, P., Reginster, J. Y., & Bruyère, O. (2019). Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes. Women’s Health, 15, 1745506519844044. doi: 10.1177/1745506519844044
25. Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2021). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method and research (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
26. Stewart, D. E., & Vigod, S. N. (2016). Postpartum depression. The New England Journal of Medicine, 375(22), 2177–2186. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1607649
27. Thoits, P. A. (2011). Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52(2), 145–161. doi: 10.1177/0022146510395592
28. Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., & Craig, J. (2007). Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 19(6), 349–357. doi: 10.1093/intqhc/mzm042
29. World Health Organization. (2015). Thinking healthy: A manual for psychosocial management of perinatal depression. World Health Organization.
30. World Health Organization. (2022). WHO guide for integration of perinatal mental health in maternal and child health services. World Health Organization.
Published
2026-07-22
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